CA: Oakland Gunfight, Resident Kills 1 Burglar, Wounds 1, is Wounded in Foot

OAKLAND — An East Oakland resident exchanged gunfire with two burglars, killing one of them, during an attempted home invasion that also resulted in the homeowner being shot in the foot, police say.

The March 15 killing of 39-year-old Charles Calloway has now been deemed by police and prosecutors a justifiable homicide, according to court records. But Calloway’s 38-year-old alleged accomplice, David Washington, has been charged with murder under the legal theory that he provoked the homeowner who killed Calloway into using lawful self-defense.

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Debate, John Lott and Sanford Levison: Was the Second Amendment a Mistake?

Link to video

On March 11, 2024, Dr. John Lott debated the eminent law professor Sanford Levinson on the subject: Was the Second Amendment a Mistake?  The debate lasted about an hour. It was held at the University of Wisconsin, and started at 6:30 p.m. The debate was sponsored by the Intercollegiate Studies Institute (ISI). The moderator was Professor Ryan Owens. 

Unlike much of what we see in politics, the debate was cordial and civilized. There was no student protest to prevent Dr. Lott from being able to debate Professor Levinson. Dr. Lott is an eminent scholar on gun control issues. Dr. Levison is credited with doing much to give credibility to the scholary examination of the Second Amendment with his article entitled "The Embarrassing Second Amendment", published in the Yale Law Journal in 1989. 

The format of the debate was: Introductions, 10 minutes to Dr. Lott, 10 minutes to Professor Levinson, 2 minutes to Dr. Lott for rebuttal; 2 minutes for Dr. Levinson for rebuttal; then a question and answer period with questions from the moderator and the audience. Because of time constraints, the Q & A period was merged with concluding remarks, first by Professor Levinson, with Dr. Lott speaking last. 

Both men are obviously gifted and well practiced public speakers. They showed how a civilized debate can be held without shouting and histrionics. As often happens in debates, they answered the question from significantly different points of view. 

Dr. Lott's position was that of an empiricist, appropriate for his training and profession as an economist. His position was: the Second Amendment was not a mistake, because more guns means more protection for the vulnerable in society.

Professor Levinson's position was a classic position of Progressives. It consisted of two basic points. First, that was then, this is now. Things have changed. Policies have to change with circumstances. The Second Amendment keeps the government from making changes. Second, restrictions on government are bad. Government is good. 

It appeared to this correspondent Dr. Lott's empirical approach was more persuasive. Professor Levison suggested, at one point, that given Dr. Lott's position, the government should subsidize the purchase of guns by lower income people. Dr. Lott responded by saying he would be happy if the government would simply stop making it harder for poor people to purchase and carry guns.

Professor Levison burnished his academic reputation by stating one of the best supports for the U.S. v Heller decision was the Dred Scott decision, decided in 1857. He gave an accurate portrayal of Chief Justice Taney's explanation of why black people could not be considered citizens. Black people would then be able to carry guns with them wherever they would go. This academic exercise seemed to support Dr. Lott's position more than Professor Levinson's.

I recommend watching the debate on Youtube. It shows how a civilized debate should be held. Dr.  Lott starts with a technique I have used, praising your opponent. It becomes harder for them to use ad hominem attacks, and sets the tone for a fact based contest. 

 

©2024 by Dean Weingarten: Permission to share is granted when this notice and link are included.

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MO: St. Louis, Naked Man Breaks through Wall, is Shot

ST. LOUIS, Mo. (First Alert 4) - The shooting of a man who allegedly broke through an apartment wall while naked and threatened to kill a man and his family will be investigated as an act of self-defense, police said.

According to St. Louis Police incident reports, officers were dispatched around 2 p.m. Friday to a report of a shooting in the 900 block of Park Avenue. There, officers found a man with a gunshot wound to his left hand. He was taken to a hospital for treatment.

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CA: Physical Altercation in Redlands leads to Shooting

According to witnesses, the victim confronted the suspect on Park Avenue, south of Redlands Boulevard, and during the “physical altercation,” the suspect fired several shots, wounding the victim, police said.

The shooter was taken into custody and questioned before being released. He was in lawful possession of the firearm, which was collected at the scene.

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GA: Domestic Defense Gunfight in Atlanta, Victim Grazed, Suspect Killed

ATLANTA, Ga. (Atlanta News First) - One man is dead and another is wounded after a shooting in northwest Atlanta, according to Atlanta Police.

Atlanta Police said a man in his 40s was killed at a house at 411 Westchester Blvd. NW.

A second man, police said, sustained a graze wound and was conscious and alert when transported to Grady Memorial Hospital, where he is now in stable condition.

Lt. Chris Hewitt said they responded to a “shots fired” call around 4 p.m. Crime scene tape blocked off the area most of the evening.

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AR: Muhammad Harasses Ms Jones. Ms Jones Shoots Muhammed

According to a report by the Little Rock Police Department, the incident began at 9 p.m when 48-year-old Yusuf Muhammad began harassing 43-year-old Shearee Jones in the checkout aisle.

Witnesses stated that Muhammad was visibly aggressive towards Jones and that she asked him to stop.

The report says that he continued after this and assaulted her, leaving an abrasion.

In response, Jones brandished a firearm and struck Muhammad with multiple rounds.

The report says that Muhammad left the Kroger, but returned, leading Jones to fire more shots at him.

Muhammad was taken to the hospital where he is receiving treatment for his injuries.

 

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Third Circuit Upholds Second Amendment Rights of 18-20-Year-Olds

 

On October 16, 2020, a number of plaintiffs, including Madison Lara, the Second Amendment Foundation, and others, filed a lawsuit claiming Pennsylvania law which forbid 18-20-year-olds from obtaining a concealed carry permit or from openly carrying outside of the home during an emergency was an infringement of the rights protected by the Second Amendment.   This was nearly two years before the Supreme Court decision of Bruen.  On April 16, 2021, the District court ruled against them. On April 21, 2021, the plaintiffs  appealed the decision by the Pennsylvania District Court to the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. The decision held Pennsylvania law which forbid 18-20-year-olds from obtaining a concealed carry permit or from openly carrying outside of the home during an emergency was not an infringement of the rights protected by the Second Amendment. The three judge panel held the appeal pending the Supreme Court decision in Bruen.

The Bruen decision was published on June 22, 2022, clarifying the Heller decision and giving clear guidance on how to interpret Second Amendment cases.  In the clarification, the Supreme Court validated the right to carry outside the home and set forth how to perform judicial tests on laws which were challenged as infringing on the rights protected by the Second Amendment. On January 18, 2024, the three judge panel found the Pennsylvania statutes infringed on the Second Amendment rights of 18-20-year old people. It was a split decision, with Judge Restrepo dissenting.  On February 15, 2024, the defendants argued 18-20-year old people were not considered to be part of the people. Judge Restrepo agreed. The defendants filed for a re-hearing of the case en banc, by the entire Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.

On March 27, 2024, a panel of the entire Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit voted to deny the request for re-hearing the case en banc. The panel consisted of thirteen judges. Six judges voted to hear the case en banc. Seven judges voted to deny the hearing. The six judges who voted to hear the case en banc were: Shwartz, Krause, Restrepo, Freeman, Montgomery-Reeves and Chung. Those six judges were effectively voting against including the Second Amendment as a fundamental part of the Bill of Rights. They lost the vote. The decision finding Pennsylvania laws infringe on the ability of 18-20-year olds to exercise the Second Amendment rights was upheld. The decision is now precedential law in the Third Circuit.

Analysis: The Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit serves the areas of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and the United States Virgin Islands.  Infringements on the rights of 18-20-year olds, protected by the Second Amendment, are likey in New Jersey, Delaware and the US Virgin Islands. There is no further appeal except to the Supreme Court. The case creates a split in the Circuits.  Similar cases are proceeding in other circuits. With this decision, it is likely one of the 18-20-year old challenges will be considered at the Supreme Court. This case is a good candidate, because the Biden administration may choose to ask the Supreme Court to hear the case. The Supreme Court seldom refuses to hear a case which the executive branch asks it to hear.

In this case, the three judge panel closely adhered to the guidance put forward in the Bruen decision. It would be a favorable case for the Supreme Court to hear in order to reinforce the doctrines put forward in Bruen.

©2024 by Dean Weingarten: Permission to share is granted when this notice and link are included.

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TX: Security Guard Shoots, Kills Male who Pointed Gun at Him

HPD patrol officers responded to a shooting at the above address and found an unresponsive male with gunshot wounds inside an apartment.  Houston Fire Department paramedics responded to the scene and pronounced the male deceased.

A preliminary investigation determined a security officer attempted to break up a disturbance between the male (deceased) and another person in the complex.  The male, who appeared to be impaired. became irate, went to his apartment and retrieved his weapon.  He then returned and pointed the gun at the security guard.  Fearing for his life, the security guard discharged his weapon and struck the male.

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FL: Teen Gunfight After Midnight, 1 Dead, 1 Wounded

The goal, according to Loux, was for Carlos Medina and Garcia to rob another teen of a gun he was carrying.

Shortly after midnight, Largo police say the pair confronted the victim and a shootout ensued. 

Police say Carlos Medina fell on the sidewalk after being shot, while the victim ran south and was located several blocks away by officers.

Both teens were carrying 9-millimeter Glock guns, according to Largo police. It is unclear who the guns are registered to and if they have been reported stolen. 

"They were all juveniles and being out and about after midnight in possession of a firearm," Loux stated. "No, it’s not legal."

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GA: Atlanta Attempted Break-in, Suspect Shot, Wounded

Aggravated Assault: 1267 Martin St SE

Post Date:03/25/2024 9:14 AM

240841756

Preliminary Information: On 3/24/24, around 9:50pm, officers responded to 1267 Martin St SE in reference to a male shot. Upon arrival, officers located a male with a gunshot wound to the leg. He was alert, conscious and breathing and transported to the hospital in stable condition. Preliminary investigation indicates the male was armed while banging on the front door of the home demanding narcotics. The male then kicked in the door then physically struggled with the home’s occupant, resulting in him sustaining a gunshot wound. Units found the male nearby the incident location afterwards. He was transported to Grady where he is recovering in stable condition with arrest charges pending. The investigation continues.

 

Please keep in mind the above information is preliminary in nature and can change as the investigation progresses and new information comes to light.

 

Link here 

TN: Gunfight in Memphis, Security Guard in Hospital, Attacker Killed by Third Party

Bystanders on the scene tell Action News 5 that the victim appeared to be a security guard. He was rushed to Methodist South in critical condition.

“This should have never happened. This man was at work doing his job,” Quince said.

The other man outside was not injured by the gunfire. Police say he returned shots at the initial shooter, striking him.

Officers say the suspect barricaded himself inside the apartment thereafter. The Memphis Police Department’s Crisis Negotiations Team and SWAT Team were called to the complex to contact the gunman.

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MI: Resident of Apartment Shoots, Wounds Burglary Suspect

BAY CITY, MI — A would-be burglar was shot on April Fool’s Day, taking two bullets as he allegedly attempted to break into a home on Bay City’s East Side.

At 4:48 p.m. on Monday, April 1, police responded to an apartment building in the 200 block of North Jefferson Street after a citizen called 911 to report a bleeding man outside. Officers arrived to find a 33-year-old man had suffered two gunshot wounds to his torso.

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NC: Customer at Gas Station Shoots Suspect who Threatened him with a Knife

Lincolnton Police Department officers went to a BP gas station on East Main Street around 5:30 p.m. Sunday. At the scene, officers found the robbery victim, who was a customer at the gas station.

The victim told police a man got into his car, tried to steal it, and held up a knife. He said took out his gun and fired, hitting the suspect.

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Second Circuit: Defendant has Standing to Contest Connecticutt Ban on Carry in State Parks

Great Seal of Connecticut, public domain

 

On January 14, 2023, David J. Nastri, Esq. filed suit against Katie Dykes as Commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental protection. Nastri challenged the constitutionality of Connecticut's ban on the carrying of handguns in Connecticut state parks for the purpose of self defense. From the complaint:

This is an action for declaratory and injunctive relief that challenges the constitutionality of Connecticut’s state regulation that bans the carrying of handguns in Connecticut state parks for the purpose of self-defense. Connecticut’s ban on handguns in state parks cannot pass constitutional muster under the historical standard that the Supreme Court announced in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen, 142 S.Ct. 2111 (Jun. 23, 2022), and the Second Amendment requires the Court to put a stop to Connecticut depriving its citizens of the most popular means of self-defense where it is undoubtedly the hardest for first responders to protect them.

On August 22, 2023, the District Court, Judge Janet Bond Arterton, granted the state's motion to dismiss because the plaintiff lacked standing. Nastri appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. On March 29, 2024, a three judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit issued a Summary Order to the effect that Nastri had standing, the District Court's judgment was vacated, and the District Court for the District of Connecticut is required to proceed with Nastri's lawsuit against the State of Connecticut. From the order:

The parties do not dispute that Nastri has established the first two imminence elements, in that he alleged an “intent[]” to carry his handgun in state parks for self-defense in violation of section 23-4-1(c). Vitagliano, 71 F.4th at 137. Thus, the central issue in this appeal is whether Nastri has demonstrated a credible threat that he would be cited for violating section 23-4-1(c) if he were to engage in that conduct.

The State of Connecticut put forward arguments the chances of Nastri being prosecuted were small, because few people noticed if someone was carrying a concealed weapon, and the statute was rarely enforced. The three judge panel rejected those arguments. They explained it was the burden of the State to show Nastri would not be prosecuted. It was enough for Nastri to show the law was in effect and the State did not disavow any possibility of enforcement. From the order:

 Far from disavowing enforcement against Nastri, the director of Connecticut’s Environmental Conservation Police testified at a deposition that his department (1) receives calls 7 about persons with firearms in state parks, (2) responds to those calls by sending officers to investigate, and (3) would take enforcement action if its officers found a person with an unauthorized firearm.

Analysis: This case is part of a trend where the courts are following the Supreme Court ruling in Bruen to treat the Second Amendment on the same level as other fundamental rights in the Bill of Rights, such as the First Amendment. Restricting the ability of a person to exercise their fundamental constitutional rights is an irreparable harm, no matter how short the duration. This case may become another building block in the wall to restore the free exercise of the right to keep and bear arms.  It is important to build this wall case by case. It is better to be able to sue to restore rights than to be forced to contest the constitutionality of the law in a criminal case, such as is occurring the Gun Free School Zone case of Gabriel Metcalf in Billings Montana.

©2024 by Dean Weingarten: Permission to share is granted when this notice and link are included.

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KS: McPherson Homeowner Shoots Man Attempting to Force Entry

An intruder was shot as he was trying to enter a home in McPherson early Easter morning.

According to the McPherson Police Depaartment, Sunday at 3:29 AM officers responded to a shooting which occured in the 400 Block of East Avenue A.

According to McPherson Police Chief Mikel Golden, a 41 year old male was at home when he heard someone trying to get into his residence. The homeowner went to the door with his firearm. The male suspect attempted to enter the residence and the homeowner fired his weapon one time, hitting the suspect in the abdomen.

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Bear Defense: Problems with Empty Chamber Carry

 

Shooting at flushing upland game birds can be fast and close. Shots are often taken in under a second.

Carrying a gun for defensive purposes, with an empty chamber, is a controversial measure which proponents claim enhances safety. It is one of the reasons handguns appear to work better for self defense against bears than long guns. Long guns are more commonly carried with an empty chamber than are handguns. Handguns are more commonly carried for self defense than long guns. A recent bear attack illustrates the problem of carrying a long gun with an empty chamber. From Alaskapublic.org 2021: 

“I remember looking over my shoulder, and I was saying something to them when I kind of heard the bushes crashing, and that’s when I looked up and looked over toward [where] the sound was coming from,” he said. “I couldn’t even really see it all at first because the brush was pretty thick, but about 20 feet away … this bear comes charging out of the brush at full speed.”

The victim had plenty of warning. He heard the bushes crashing. He had time to look in the direction the noise was coming from. It was almost certainly a large animal, a bear or a moose. If he had a loaded shotgun in his hands, he could have covered the area the sound was coming from, at the ready. The victim had a pre-concieved notion of how an attack might happen.  The most common way in which bear maulings occur is with a surprise attack from short distances.

Coltharp said it happened so fast.

“And without any, you know, warning at all. Normally, when they’re defensive over their territory, they let you know,” he said. “They get all huffy and puffy and they start popping their jaw and making a lot of noise, and there was there was absolutely none of that going on. So it was kind of a unique situation.”

The shotgun was slung on his back with an empty chamber. The action release probably had to be activated to chamber the first round. If the release is triggered while the shotgun is carried slung, weight of the forend tends to pull the action open, gradually opening the ejection port and exposing it to the introduction of twigs, dirt and debris.

Coltharp grabbed his gun from a sling on his back and tried to load the chamber, but the bear was faster than he was. So he jumped to the side to get his upper body and head out of the way in the hopes that Walloch, who was also armed, could get in a shot.

“And that’s when that’s when the bear reached down and just kind of chomped me right above my kneecap,” Coltharp said. “And [the bear] was just shaking me around by my leg. I was just laying there as it’s got me, just yelling, ‘Shoot it, shoot it, shoot it, shoot it!’ as fast as I could say it.”

There were three Fish and Game workers only a few yards apart along the trail when the bear attacked Coltharp. Coltharp, the victim, was the point man in the lead. This is a more vulnerable position, and requires extra diligence. The man behind Coltharp, Walloch, also carried a shotgun. As Coltharp was being mauled, he accessed the shotgun and shot the bear off of Coltharp, then shot two more shots into the bear to make sure it was out of the fight.

We are not told if Walloch carried his shotgun slung with an empty chamber. It is common for large bureaucracies to impose "safety" measures which place burdens on the people in the field in order to add a small amount of "cover" for the bureaucrats in charge.

Empty chambers have played roles in several bear mauling incidents. On September 7, 1990, Brian Kelly was hunting caribou in British Columbia. He surprised a sow grizzly with three cubs. He waved his arms and shouted as the bears closed in. After the ineffective waving, he reached for the rifle. From Bear Attacks the Deadly Truth, by Sheldon, p. 122: 

Instinctively, I reached for my rifle; waving and shouting wasn't going to work this time. My rifle was on the right side of my pack in a break-away mount. The magazine was full but there wasn't a round in the chamber.

The sow stopped three feet from Kelly. Instead of having a rifle ready and shooting the bear, Kelly punched the sow on the side of the head. He was severely mauled and took six months to recover. He never fired the rifle.

Ralph Borders was hunting Dall mountain sheep with his brother-in-law, Bill. As an Alaskan resident he had purchased a bear tag just in case they encountered one he wanted to take. On September 11, 1992, they encountered a sow with two cubs. The bears started running at them. From Some Bears Kill by Kanuit, p. 42, Ralph Borders recounts:

Bill carried a bullet in the chamber of his .06 and he was shooting, handloaded 180 grain Nosler seconds. I was trying to get my gloves off so I could chamber a round. (My .338 Ruger has always had a problem getting a shell from the clip to the chamber). 

Ralph Borders was hunting with an empty chamber. He estimated the bears were on them in four seconds. He was severely mauled by a sow grizzly. His brother in law, Bill, carried his rifle with a round in the chamber and was able to shoot the bear off of Ralph, but first had shot one of the nearly grown cubs. It ran off with the other cub. Ralph was unable to get a shot off. 

Analysis: 

There is a cultural set which claims carrying a firearm with a round chambered is unsafe. It may make sense to have empty chambers in camp, in vehicles or on horseback. A guide may insist clients who are behind him have empty chambers. An empty chamber imposes a severe disadvantage in many hunting situations or when carrying for self defense. Carrying a long gun slung over one's back, with an empty chamber, means a delay of several seconds before the gun may be fired. The delay is probably 5-7 seconds at minimum, and possibly several seconds longer. One of the reasons surprise bear attacks result in more injuries is, if the person being attacked has a few more seconds to react, they have time to unsling a long gun, chamber a round, and get ready.  It makes no sense to hunt game which may require a quick reaction, alone, with an empty chamber.

Conversely, when a long gun is held with a loaded chamber at the ready, many shooters can fire a sufficiently accurate shot at close range, in under a second.  It is not a difficult skill to acquire. Good practice can be jump shooting upland birds or ducks. If you are not quick, you miss many opportunities to harvest birds. Jump shooting doves can be nearly as fast as jump shooting woodcock or ruffed grouse. Several people have successfully defended themselves against surprise, close range bear attacks with shotguns and bird shot.

Much depends on a person's mind set. If a person knows the danger is there and an attack is possible, they are far ahead of the person who believes "It will never happen to me!"  Some practice with quick reaction drills and/or jump shooting game birds will strengthen the ability to engage the threat quickly and decisively. 

©2024 by Dean Weingarten: Permission to share is granted when this notice and link are included.

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OH: Gunfight results in Homicide, Police Investigate

AKRON, Ohio (WOIO) - Akron police are investigating a shooting, later ruled a homicide, on Saturday morning on Route 21.

According to police, there was a dispute at a South Arlington Street bar that continued in a car as it was driving southbound on Route 21 in Wayne County.

Police said during this altercation, gunshots were fired.

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TX: Man Forces way into San Antonio Home on MLK Drive, is Shot, Killed

Police say it appears the suspect forced entry into the home and assaulted the 27-year-old man who lived there. He told officers that he feared for his life and shot the suspect. 

Police say the shooting was deemed self-defense and the man who fired the shots was released.

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AR: Davis Woods Shoots Heavily Intoxicated Man in Self Defense

POCAHONTAS, Ark. (KAIT) - A Pocahontas man is in a Memphis hospital after police say he was shot.

The incident happened around midnight on Monday, April 1 at the Oak Creek Apartments.

Detective Trason Johnson said the “heavily intoxicated” man was shot by Davis Woods out of self-defense.

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Wyoming Governor Gordon Vetoes Bill to Reduce Gun Free Zones

 

 

On March 22, 2024, Governor Mark Gordon vetoed Wyoming House Bill 125 ( House Enrolled Act 49) which would have eliminated many of the gun free zones which exist in Wyoming.

Governor Gordon (R), in his veto letter to the Wyoming Secretary of State said: "The bill exceeds the separation of powers embodied in Article 2 of our Wyoming Constitution. I must, therefore, veto it."

HB 125 passed with veto proof margins in both the House and Senate. In the House, the vote was 57-7-1. In the Senate the vote was 22-8-1.  Wyoming requires a 2/3 vote of both chambers of the legislature to override a veto. However, House Bill 125 was passed on the last day of the legislative session, on March 8. The legislature has adjourned. Thus, the legislature cannot vote to override the veto because the legislature is not in session.

Governor Gordon, in the veto letter, indicated the idea of reducing the number of gun free zones in Wyoming should be left to local governments, school districts, community colleges and the University to consider at the local level.

Governor Matthew Hansen Mead (R) vetoed a similar bill in 2017, seven years ago.

Analysis: Powerful lobbies in the State of Wyoming have been opposed to this bill. They include the University lobby, the local government lobby, and the school/teachers lobby. The bill reduces the power of each of the three government lobbies, the government University, the local governments, and the government schools. The exercise of Second Amendment rights was historically curtailed in local governmental buildings while local governmental meetings were being held or when voting on election day. The government did not ban the exercise of the right to bear arms in local schools or universities when the Second Amendment was ratified in 1791.

Because House Bill 125 was passed with 88% of the vote in the House, and with 71% of the vote in the Senate, it is likely the bill will be re-introduced in the next legislative session in 2025. A close look at the Senate vote shows the bill passed a critical vote with a bare majority, 16 to 15. The key to moving the bill into law may be to pass the bill more than three days before the end of the legislative session. Under Wyoming law, if the legislature is in session, a governor has three days (excluding Sunday) to sign, veto, or allow the bill to become law. Once the legislature adjourns, the time to veto or sign bills is expanded to 15 days. In 2024, because the legislature adjourned on the same day House Bill 125 was passed, there was no opportunity to override a veto. If the bill is passed more than three days before the legislature adjourns, the possibility of a veto override exists.

The existing Senate leadership appears to be the major impediment to passing a version of House Bill 125. The Senate leadership gave House Bill 125 to the Senate Judicial committee. The Senate Judicial Committee  voted to not pass the bill 3 -2. The Senate, in a unusual move vote to take HB 125 from the Judicial Committee and vote on it before the entire Senate. The House has been more willing to pass this reform legislation. As the exercise of Second Amendment rights has become more popular in the United States, restoration and recognition of Second Amendment rights has followed at the state legislative and federal judicial levels. Wyoming has been a leader in restoring legislative recognition of the exercise of Second Amendment rights.

©2024 by Dean Weingarten: Permission to share is granted when this notice and link are included.

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