AZ: Gunfight, Suspect Killed, when Armed Samaritans return Fire, 1 Severely Wounded

The suspected burglar who was killed Wednesday in Dolan Springs has been identified as Alan Marc Baker, 51. Sheriff’s office spokeswoman Anita Mortensen said Baker exited a home he had burgled when he fired a rifle at neighbors outside Wednesday afternoon.

Mortensen said Baker was struck when the neighbors returned fire. Baker fled but was discovered dead in the nearby desert.

The neighbor who was wounded in the exchange was flown to a Las Vegas hospital for treatment of his injuries. The sheriff’s office recanted a previous statement, clarifying that Baker could not be linked to other Dolan Springs area burglaries.
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SC: Domestic Defense, Gunfight between Grandfather and Baby Daddy

Deputies say the homeowner told them his daughter and Logan had a child together, and that the two had an argument outside in the yard. The homeowner told deputies he told Logan to leave, but alleges Logan refused and brandished a handgun to threaten the homeowner. However, deputies say the homeowner went inside the house and came back with a rifle, ordering Logan off the property again. However, the homeowner told them Logan again refused, and then opened fire on the home.
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More PA: Man who Shot Three teen Attackers on SEPTA Bus was PENN Security Guard

A 24-year-old man who shot three teenagers on a SEPTA bus Thursday is a University of Pennsylvania security guard, Philadelphia District Attorney Larry Krasner said Friday. No charges have been filed, and the investigation is ongoing, Krasner said.

Authorities have video of the shooting, about 1 a.m. Thursday on a Route 58 bus in Northeast Philadelphia, and a video-recorded statement that the man gave to police, Krasner said. It will take time to determine whether charges should be filed, he said during an online news conference.

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CA: Security Guard with Gun Shoots Man who Charged him with Knife

During the course if their investigation, officers learned the deceased, whose name has not yet been released by police, first stabbed himself, then ran towards a security guard at the complex with the knife. The guard instructed the man to drop the knife. When he didn't, the guard shot him.

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CT: Armed Homeowner Scares off Burglary Suspect

According to officials, the homeowner told officers that his barking dogs led him to find the unknown subject in his home shortly before 3:30 a.m.

The subject fled from the home after being confronted by the armed homeowner, according to police.
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CA: Domestic Defense, Wife Shoots Husband

CONCOW — Detectives with the Butte County Sheriff’s Office are investigating a shooting that took place Saturday in Concow.

A woman called and said she shot her husband during a domestic dispute in a remote area of Concow, said a press release issued Thursday by the Sheriff’s Office.
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FL: (Neptune Beach) Tenant Shoots 1 of 4 Home Invasion Suspects

Just before 6 p.m. on Tuesday, police responded to the Park Place apartment complex.

An apartment tenant told police that three men forcibly entered through the front door in an apparent robbery attempt. The tenant used a firearm and shot one of the three suspects, police said.

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PA: Legal Gun Carrier Shoot 3 Teens who Attacked him on Bus at 1 a.m.

PHILADELPHIA (CBS) – A man opened fire inside of a SEPTA bus claiming he was being attacked by three teenage boys, police say. The shooting happened just after 1 a.m. on the No. 58 bus at Bustleton Avenue and St. Vincent Street in Oxford Circle.

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Followup FL: John DeRossett Innocent, Freed after 5 Years in Jail

John DeRossett shot at deputies who never identified themselves. One was severely wounded.

VIERA, Fla. – Citing the Stand Your Ground law, the Fifth District Court of Appeals dismissed the longstanding charges against a Port St. John man accused of shooting a Brevard County Sheriff’s deputy during a botched arrest in front of his home in 2015.

The decision, issued Wednesday, ends the prosecution of John DeRossett, 60, on the attempted premeditated first-degree murder of a law enforcement officer while discharging a firearm, News 6 partner Florida Today reported.
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Virus Shutdown Threatens Constitutional Carry in Tennessee

It seemed Tennessee would be the first state to join the Constitutional Carry club in 2020.  From an earlier article on Ammoland:

On 27 February, 2020, at 1 p.m., Governor Bill Lee announced he is proposing Constitutional Carry for Tennessee in 2020.

Both Senate Majority Leader Jack Johnson and House Majority Leader William Lampeth endorsed the idea of Constitutional Carry. A specific statute was not in place when the announcement was made. With all three leaders endorsing the popular idea of Constitutional Carry, a bill seemed almost certain of passage. From tn.gov:

“I applaud Governor Lee’s commitment to Tennesseans’ Second Amendment rights guaranteed by our U.S. and state constitutions. This proposal will reduce barriers to ensure citizens have the ability to protect themselves and their families, while imposing stiffer penalties against criminals who possess guns illegally,” said Senate Majority Leader Jack Johnson.

“This constitutional carry package is historic because not only does it uphold the freedoms granted to us by our nation’s founding fathers, it also imposes mandatory minimum sentencing guidelines on bad guys who illegally obtain or use handguns,” said House Majority Leader William Lamberth. “I want to thank the National Rifle Association for their work over the years in making today a reality, and I look forward to working with Governor Lee, as well as my House and Senate colleagues to get Constitutional Carry passed in Tennessee.”

The United States started 2020 with 16 states which have close approximations of Constitutional Carry.

Constitutional Carry is when residents are not required to have a government permit in order to carry loaded handguns in most public places, either concealed or openly. This was the state of the law when the Second Amendment was ratified in 1791. It wasn't until a generation later that politicians started to infringe on Second Amendment rights, primarily with bans on carrying concealed weapons, then later, after the War Between the States, with requiring permits to carry.

In the 2020 legislative session in Tennessee, several bills were submitted, with considerable differences. Then, the Covid-19 virus, or Wuhan Flu, caught the attention of the legacy media and federal, state, and local governments.

On 19 March, 2020, the Tennessee legislature temporarily recessed, stopping legislative action. Constitutional Carry, which had been endorsed by the Governor, the majority leader in the House, and the Majority leader in the Senate, is dead in the water. The legislature hopes to resume the session on 1 June. From tenessean.com: 

Although lawmakers hope to return as early as June 1, the continued uncertainty of coronavirus has led some members to wonder when it might be safe to return to Nashville to continue their business for the year.

The Tennesee legislature was scheduled to be in session from 14 January, 2020, to 1 May, 2020. It is unknown how long the legislature may be in session after resuming the session on 1 June.

The legislature passed the budget on 19 March; there is little incentive for them to take up much work. 2020 is an election year, and legislators will wish to get out and campaign. Republicans hold supermajorities in both houses, so Democrats have incentive to limit the session as much as possible. Actions on HB2817, and SB2671 were put on hold as of  18 and 17 of March, respectively.

This shows how events can derail the best laid plans. No one planned for a pandemic to shut down the legislature for over two months.

How high a priority passage of  Constitutional Carry was to the legislature is unknown. If it had been a priority, it could have been passed rather quickly.

Tennessee Firearms Association has lobbied for the least restrictive version of Constitutional Carry, the Governor and legislative leaders version would include increased penalties for theft of firearms and possession by currently prohibited possessors.

It is possible a version of Constitutional Carry will be passed into law in 2020; if it does, it will be because of strong lobbying by Second Amendment supporters.


©2020 by Dean Weingarten: Permission to share is granted when this notice and link are included.

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MI: Gunfight, Man with CCW Shoots Armed Robbery Suspect in Detroit

At about 9:30 p.m., police say the 28-year-old suspect approached a 23-year-old man and pulled a gun on him. This took place in the 19200 block of West McNichols, west of the Southfield Freeway.

But the victim has a concealed weapons permit holder, police say, and he pulled a gun of his own and shot the suspect.
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PA: Gunfight, Home Invader Pulls Pistol, is Shot with a .45

When those inside the kitchen told Battle to get out, he pulled a pistol from his waistband and aimed it at a person in the kitchen.

Another person inside the house grabbed Battle’s arm to disarm him that initiated a struggle.

Police said a person inside the house fired a round from a .45-caliber pistol striking Battle in the leg.
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Rodriquez v. City of San Jose may go to the Supreme Court; Conference on 24 April, 2020

image public domain as government publication at ca9.uscourts.gov

In January, 2013, after a 911 call, a police officer of the City of San Jose seized 12 firearms from the home of Edward and Lori Rodriquez in the City of San Jose, California. No warrant was applied for.  The officer claimed knowledge that there were firearms in the house.  The firearms were removed under protest, even though one of the firearms completely belonged to and was registered to Lori Rodriquez, who remained in the home.

Edward was involuntarily admitted as a danger to himself and others, and lost his Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms, for a minimum of five years under California law.

None of the 12 firearms were illegal to own under California law.

The City of San Jose asked for a forfeiture order for the firearms from the local court, which was granted.

Lori went through the legal hoops necessary to have the firearms returned to her legal possession.

The city refused to return those firearms. The California Superior Court, and Court of appeals agreed with the city. The argument appears to be the City was under no obligation to return this property, even though there was a legal property right and the property was not contraband.

Lori appealed to the Federal District court under the 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 14th Amendments.  On 29 September, 2017, the District Court ordered, in summary judgement, for the City of San Jose, that those rights did not apply. From docktbird.com:

(“[T]he Supreme Court decisions in Heller and McDonald did not state that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms extends to keeping and bearing either any particular firearms or firearms that have been confiscated from a mentally ill person.”) (emphasis added). As such, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment must be granted as to Plaintiffs’ Second Amendment claim.

Lori and Second Amendment advocates appealed to the Ninth Circuit. The Ninth Circuit, in the customary three judge panel, ruled to affirm the District Court, claiming the Fourth Amendment did not apply because of a controversial exception known as "community caretaking".  They opined the Second Amendment did not apply because the Second Amendment did not apply to any particular firearm. From the Opinion of the Ninth Circuit, 23 July, 2019.

SUMMARY*
Civil Rights/Second Amendment

The panel affirmed the district court’s summary judgment for defendants City of San Jose, its Police Department and a police officer in an action brought by husband and wife, Edward and Lori Rodriguez, alleging civil rights violations when police seized firearms from their residence after detaining Edward for a mental health evaluation in response to a 911 call, and then declined to return the firearms.

The City petitioned in California Superior Court to retain the firearms on the ground that the firearms would endanger Edward or another member of the public. Lori objected that the confiscation and retention of the firearms, in which she had ownership interests, violated her Second Amendment rights. The Superior Court granted the City’s petition over Lori’s objection and the California Court of Appeal affirmed. After Lori re-registered the firearms in her name alone and obtained gun release clearances from the California Department of Justice, the City still declined to return the guns, and Lori sued in federal court.

(snip)

The court granted the City’s petition. The court acknowledged that Lori could legally “walk . . . into any gun store and qualify to buy a handgun . . . and put [it] in that gun safe.” But it held that the City was nevertheless authorized to take the “low hanging fruit” of the guns the Rodriguezes already owned, irrespective of Lori’s ability to buy more, because of the danger that Edward presented. Stating that it was not “ignoring [Lori’s] Constitutional Rights,” the court concluded that it was not appropriate to return the firearms given the public safety concerns at stake.

It is instructive to notice the description of the guns confiscated by the city, even though none of them had been implicated in any criminal activity, as "low hanging fruit". None of them were illegal to own under California law. There is an entire philosophy attached to that phrase. If the guns should not be returned because they are "low hanging fruit", the point is that gun ownership, no matter if legal, is bad. Any way to diminish gun ownership, not matter how unjust, or ineffective, is good. The court is making a specific value judgement, rather than a legal one. It does not like legal gun ownership, so it will penalize legal gun owners whenever it can take "low hanging fruit".

This is the very essence of disparate impact and the chilling of an enumerated Constitutional right.

Legal gun owners are a minority in California. The majority of Californians, through their elected representatives, are working to punish gun owners for exercising their Second Amendment rights.  This is precisely the situation which the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment were designed to prevent.

Lori and the Second Amendment Foundation and Calguns Foundation asked for an en banc review of the case. As might be expected, as this case was decided to limit Second Amendment rights, en banc review was denied. If the case had been in favor of Second Amendment rights, as with the Young case from Hawaii, it has become expected that an en banc review would be granted.

Lori and the Second Amendment Foundation and Calguns Foundation appealed to the Supreme Court, asking for the grant of a writ of Certiorari, which would result in the Supreme Court hearing the case.

Of those cases asking for a write of Certiorari, only a small number are discussed by the court in conference.  This case has been accepted to be heard in conference.

The Supreme Court will listen to the arguments asking the case be  heard, in conference, then decide whether to grant the writ of certiorari or not.  The Supreme Court conference for the case on 24 April 2020. The results of the conference will probably be released on 27 April, 2020.

Here are the three primary questions the petitioners are asking the Supreme Court to decide in this case. From cagunrights.org:

QUESTIONS PRESENTED

1. Whether the Fourth Amendment allows an exception to its warrant requirement for so-called “community caretaking” where the alleged danger to the community has been resolved and the premises to be searched and items then seized do not contain or pose an immediate threat making it impossible to obtain a timely warrant?

2. Whether issue preclusion can bar a claim for deprivation of a constitutional right where the prior decision discussing the constitutional issue did not depend on resolving the merits of that issue, found state-law procedures remained that could moot the claimed infringement, and thus could not have been further reviewed in this Court given that the constitutional claim would be seen as unripe and potentially avoided by adequate and independent state grounds?

3. Whether this Court should exercise its supervisory powers to review the improper circumvention of Second Amendment protections in the Ninth Circuit or, at a minimum, hold this case for No. 18-280, New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. City of New York?

At lease one justice on the Supreme Court has indicated the case is worth discussing, or it would not have been placed on the conference list.

The Supreme Court only hears a few dozen cases a year.

We will likely know if Rodriquez v. City of San Jose has made the cut in two weeks.

 ©2020 by Dean Weingarten: Permission to share is granted when this notice and link are included.

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CA: Off Duty Officer Shoots Suspect who Stabbed Them

A failed carjacking in South San Francisco ended early Sunday with the suspect dead after an off-duty police officer was stabbed, then shot the suspect, who then stole a police car and led police on a chase before being shot again after ramming a police car and wielding a knife at officers, police said.
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ME: Eric Bartlett Holds Joseph Harmon for Buxton Police

Police said Eric Bartlett showed "great restraint and incredible firearms discipline" for keeping Harmon in check without using deadly force.

It was found Harmon had stolen a neighbor's vehicle before breaking into the residence. He also dropped a handgun between two parked vehicles next door.

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Velocity Comparison of the CCI Velocitor and the Aguila Interceptor LR Cartridges

Five years ago, in 2015, Dr. William Harper, Ph.D+, writing in the popular forum, rimfirecentral.com, made these observations about the Aguila Interceptor .22 Long Rife cartridge, which was advertised at 1470 feet per second. From rimfirecentral.com:

March 10, 2015

My Fellow Shooters:

In my CZ Ultra Lux Superexclusive in quiet air from a supported position Aguila Interceptor 40 gr. .22LR has grouped 1" at 100 yards, 2.5" at 200 meters, 3.3" at 300 meters, 6.5-7" at 400 meters, 10" at 500 meters, 12" at 600 meters. The muzzle velocity was remarkably consistent 1462-1468 averaging 1465 fps- better than any match load from the 28.5" barrel. This is a remarkable performance. I would not use this load from a semi-automatic or a weak action like a pivoting block.

I have a CZ Ultra Lux, although not the Superexclusive. The performance sounded very good. A few months ago some Interceptors were on sale for about $3.50 a box, with free shipping. That was an exceptional deal, so I ordered a thousand of them.

In comparison were a couple hundred CCI Velocitors which were about 10 years old. I was curious how the Interceptors compared to the Velocitors out of the same guns. The CCI Velocitors are advertised at 1435 feet per second.

A dozen guns of various barrel lengths were assembled. It is very difficult to compare velocities from different barrels. Chambers vary. In .22 rimfires, muzzles are choked or not. The bore can vary by a couple of thousandths of an inch in diameter. The bores may be very smooth or slightly rough.

The firearms varied in age from about 85 years for the the Springfield 84-C (previously referred to as the Village Gun) to a few months for the Thompson T/CR 22 and the Taurus TX22.   The Woodsman was made in 1951.

Comparing loads out of the same barrels eliminates many of the variables. 

.22 rimfire loads can vary considerably by lot.

These loads were chosen because they are some of the most powerful .22 Long Rifle loads available, they have had very good reviews, and to satisfy curiosity.

No accuracy comparisons were made.  The measurements were done with a Caldwell G2 Chronograph at eight feet from the muzzle. The temperature varied between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit.

The average increase, from the dozen firearms, was very close to that advertised, 42 fps higher with the Aguila Interceptors compared to the CCI Velocitors. The advertised difference is 35 fps.

I would hesitate to feed a steady diet of these very energetic cartridges through semi-automatics, but a couple of hundred rounds would probably not accelerate wear much.

.22 rimfires tend to be a bit picky about what ammunition they prefer. The CZ Ultra Lux liked the Interceptors a bit more than the Velocitors. That could easily vary from firearm to firearm.

I found it fascinating the Sig Trailside pistol and the Mossberg 702 both produced very little difference in average velocities of the two cartridges.  Competitive shooters of the Sig Trailside have warned of excessive wear with high velocity loads.  It is an exceptionally accurate pistol with standard velocity loads.

Both the CCI Velocitor and Aguila Interceptor are premium rounds which deliver remarkable power for the .22 Long Rifle cartridge. A quick search on the Internet shows the Aquila Interceptor available from 12 to 16 cents per cartridge, and the CCI Velocitor from 12 to 20 cents per cartridge.

I do not recommend the use of the .22 Long Rifle cartridge for big game. Every rule has exceptions.

In a subsistance or survival situation, many very large animals have been harvested with the .22 rimfire. The most famous of these was the world record grizzly bear taken by Bella Twin, a few miles south of Slave Lake, Alberta, Canada, on 10 May, in 1963. Bella Twin is said to have killed the enormous bear with a .22 Long cartridge from her single shot Cooey Ace  1.  She followed up the shot with several more to make sure the bear stayed dead.

Hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions of domestic cattle, which have very hard skulls, have been slaughtered with the .22 Long Rifle cartridge. If you were traveling over or through wilderness, and chose a .22 rimfire as part of your survival gear, It would make sense to bring along the best and most powerful ammunition you could obtain in normal commerce. The CCI Velocitor or the Aguila Interceptor could be the cartridge which made most sense to stash with a .22 rifle or pistol in the back of an aircraft, or in a backpack.

If you desire the most power available in .22 Long Rifle cartridges, you should test both to determine which one works best in your particular firearm.

Prices should drop again, when the current demand is satisfied.


©2020 by Dean Weingarten: Permission to share is granted when this notice and link are included.

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AZ: Robbery Suspects Shot, Killed in Phoenix Apartment Complex

PHOENIX (AP) — Two men fatally shot at a Phoenix apartment complex apparently had attempted to rob the occupants of an apartment, police said..

Those killed Tuesday were identified by police as James Putney, 42, and Robert Rojas, 31.
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Firearm Industry Economic Impact Rises 213% Since 2008

NEWTOWN, Conn. — The total economic impact of the firearm and ammunition industry in the United States increased from $19.1 billion in 2008 to $60 billion in 2019, a 213-percent increase, while the total number of full-time-equivalent jobs rose from approximately 166,000 to over 332,000, a 100-percent increase in that period, according to a report released by the National Shooting Sports Foundation^® (NSSF^®), the firearm industry trade association.

On a year-over-year basis, the industry’s economic impact rose from $52 in 2018 to $60 billion. Total jobs increased by 20,000 in the same period, from nearly 312,000 to over 332,000. The broader impact of the industry flows throughout the economy and supports and generates business for firms seemingly unrelated to firearms at a time when every job in America counts. These are real people, with real jobs, working in industries as varied as banking, retail, accounting, metalworking and printing, among others.
The firearm and ammunition industry paid over $6.74 billion in business taxes, including property, income and sales-based levies.

“Our industry continues to show the steady and reliable growth that is a hallmark of a healthy industry,” said Joe Bartozzi, NSSF President and CEO. “The workers who comprise our ranks are the fabric of our communities. They produce the highest quality firearms and ammunition that millions of law-abiding Americans rely upon to exercise their fundamental right to keep and bear arms and safely enjoy the recreational shooting sports. This growth translates to more jobs that add to our local economies, averaging $55,200 in wages and benefits. In addition, since 2008 we increased federal tax payments by 162 percent, Pittman-Robertson excise taxes that support wildlife conservation by 79 percent and state business taxes by 116 percent.”

The Firearm and Ammunition Industry Economic Impact Report provides a state-by-state breakdown of job numbers, wages and output covering direct, supplier and induced employment, as well as federal excise taxes paid.

  Access the full report here.

TX: Fiance of 73-Year-Old Shoots, Kills, Intruder who Attacked, Choked Him

GILLESPIE COUNTY, Texas (KXAN) — A 19-year-old man was shot and killed after he broke in to a Fredericksburg house early Saturday morning, according to the Gillespie County Sheriff’s Office.

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Australia: Gunshops Closed Because of Increase in Demand

In Australia, the various governments are using the coronavirus emergency to stop sales of firearms. One of the stated purposes of those who plotted to disarm Australians was to reduce the number of Australians who had guns. That was unsuccessful. More people have guns in Australia today, than before the extreme gun laws were put in place in 1997.  The thinking that one purpose of the gun laws is to reduce the number of people with guns continues.

During the current emergency, on 31 March, the Daily Mail quoted the national police minister. From dailymail.co.uk:

Police Minister Lisa Neville said at a press conference on Tuesday the number of people attempting to access firearms and ammunition had doubled.

The minister and the National Cabinet decided to pause the sales of firearms and ammunition for sporting or recreational purposes.

They fear an increased amount of weapons on the street would be dangerous as tensions rise and firearms may be stockpiled or accessed by criminals.

There is no suggestion the people who desired firearms were not obeying the law, and following the intensely bureaucratic and slow process by which a person is grudgingly allowed to own a firearm in Australia, under tightly controlled conditions.  The government simply did not like the idea that more people were acquiring firearms.

The several different Australian states each approached the situation of the coronavirus a bit differently. In Queensland, gunshops and gunsmiths were labeled "non-essential".  From health.qld.gov.au:

PART 1 – DIRECTION – NON-ESSENTIAL BUSINESS, ACTIVITY, OR UNDERTAKING

5. These directions apply from the time of publication until the end of the declared public health emergency, unless they are revoked or replaced.
6. A person who owns, controls or operates a non-essential business, activity, or undertaking in the State of Queensland, including operating at a private residence, must not operate the business, activity or undertaking during the period specified in paragraph 5, subject to the exceptions set out in Column 2 of the Definitions table at paragraph 7.

(snip) In the list of non-essential businesses are gunsmiths and gunshops:

Licensed armourers and licensed dealers as defined under the Weapons Act 1990

Most of the businesses listed as non-essential have exceptions for a lower level of activity. For example, restaurants are allowed to do takeaway and home delivery. Hair dressers and barbershops are allowed to operate with no more than one person per four square meters. Golf clubs are allowed to operate outdoor activities with social distancing.

There are *no* exceptions listed for gunshops and gunsmiths. The various levels of Australian government have made it clear the right of Englishmen to Arms has been destroyed by the English and Australian ruling elites.  In the current crises, there was no consultation with shooters. From abc.net.au: 

Consultation lacking, pest controller says

Ms Ridge described the ruling as knee-jerk and said the Government had failed to consult the pest control sector.

"We heard whispers of it on Saturday — yesterday we confirmed it through emails and phone calls," she said.

The Australian state of Victoria echoed the reason for shutting down gunshops and gunsmiths was the demand figures. From 7news.com.au:

Victoria has announced new enforcements following the National Cabinet’s decision to put a temporary ban on additional access to firearms and ammunition across the country.

Police Minister Lisa Neville said the state had seen “a doubling of attempts to access firearms - category A and B - and also of ammunition” in the past week.

“We are concerned by those figures,” she told media on Tuesday.

Australia is a mostly socialist country today. It is only a few decades from when they had much more freedom with firearms than they do today. Up until the middle 1980s, promoting gun control beyond handguns was seen as the "third rail" of Australian politics. It was a good way to end your career.

Now, suggesting that access to guns is a good thing, is a way to be mocked by the national Australian media.

On a recent conversation with a friend in New South Wales, I asked him about the situation. He confirmed the lockdown on gunstores and gunsmiths. He added this little bit of information. Anyone caught traveling who did not have a satisfactory "essential purpose" was subject to a $1,000 fine. When my friend and his family emigrated to Australia in 1964, if you wanted a rifle and ammunition, you walked into the store with cash, and walked out with the rifle and ammunition.

Australia has a written constitution. It does not have a written bill of rights.

©2020 by Dean Weingarten: Permission to share is granted when this notice and link are included.

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